Legi fonetice · Legea 29 · Consoane
Single L between vowels: lost in Portuguese, r in Romanian
-L- (single, between vowels)
Deocamdată, explicațiile de aici sunt în engleză; exemplele sunt în toate limbile.
Spaniolă
l kept
Franceză
l kept
Italiană
l kept
Portugheză
lost (céu, fio, cor)
Română
r (cer, fir, sare)
Catalană
l kept
Ce s-a întâmplat
A single l between vowels is stable in Spanish, French, Italian and Catalan, but the two sisters at the edges of the Romance world both reworked it. Portuguese (with Galician) lost it in the early Middle Ages, often leaving two vowels side by side that later merged (DOLŌREM → door → dor, MOLAM → mó). Romanian turned it into r (rhotacism): CAELUM → cer, FĪLUM → fir; Slavic words borrowed later keep their l (milă), so the change is older than Slavic contact. Double LL was spared in both and simplified into a new single l (CABALLUM → cavalo, cal).
Exemple
| Latină | Italiană | Spaniolă | Franceză | Portugheză | Română | Catalană | Rudă în engleză |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FĪLUM‘thread’ | filo | hilo | fil | fio | fir | fil | filament |
| CAELUM‘sky’ | cielo | cielo | ciel | céu | cer | cel | celestial |
| MOLAM‘millstone (ro moară 'mill')’ | mola | muela | meule | mó | moară | mola | |
| SALĪRE‘to jump (es 'go out', it 'climb', pt 'go out')’ | salire | salir | saillir | sair | sări | — | |
| COLŌREM‘colour’ | colore | color | couleur | cor | — | color | colour |
| VOLĀRE‘to fly’ | volare | volar | voler | voar | — | volar | |
| SALEM‘salt (l final in pt, kept)’ | sale | sal | sel | sal | sare | sal | saline |
Decodor
A short Portuguese word with a vowel clash where the sisters have -l-? Put the l back: céu → cielo, cel; cor → color; voar → volar. A Romanian r between vowels may be an l elsewhere: cer, fir, sare → cielo, filo, sal.
Excepții
Portuguese kept an l that ended up word-final (sal, mel), but loses it again in the plural, where a vowel follows: sais, méis. Learned and later words keep l in both languages (Portuguese calor, celeste; Romanian milă, a Slavic loan). Old Romanian texts and some northern dialects also turned single n into r, but the standard kept n.