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Grammaire · Construire des phrases · A2 · 14 min

Prepositions

a, de, en, and the great por / para / per split.

Les explications sont pour l’instant en anglais ; les exemples sont dans toutes les langues.

When the Latin case endings wore away, prepositions took over their jobs (Romanian kept a genitive-dative case, so it needs a few fewer). The core set is shared: AD gave a / à / a, and a in Portuguese and Catalan too (direction, 'to' someone); Romanian uses la instead. DĒ gave de / de / di and de in the other three (origin, possession, 'of'), IN gave en / en / in / em / în / en. Italian added da, probably from DĒ + AB (the origin is debated), for 'from' and 'at someone's place'.

SpanishFrenchItalianPortugueseRomanianCatalanLatin
to, ataàaa, paralaaAD (not ro)
of, fromdededi, dadede, dindeDĒ (da: probably DĒ + AB)
inenen, dansinemîna, enIN
withconavecconcomcuambCUM (avec: *APUD HOC; amb: APUD)
withoutsinsanssenzasemfărăsenseSINE (es, fr, pt)
onsobre, ensursusobre, empesobre, aSUPER (es, fr, pt, ca)
for, by, throughpor, parapour, parperpor, parapentru, prinper, per aPRŌ, PER
  • Abito a Roma.

    Vivo en Roma.

    J'habite à Rome.

    Moro em Roma.

    Locuiesc la Roma.

    Visc a Roma.

    I live in Rome.

    Cities take à / a in French, Italian and Catalan, often la in Romanian; Spanish and Portuguese use en / em.

  • Abito in Spagna.

    Vivo en España.

    J'habite en Espagne.

    Moro na Espanha.

    Locuiesc în Spania.

    Visc a Espanya.

    I live in Spain.

    Countries: French en for feminine names, au for masculine (au Portugal). Brazil says na Espanha, with the article; Portugal says em Espanha.

  • Vengo dall'Italia.

    Vengo de Italia.

    Je viens d'Italie.

    Venho da Itália.

    Vin din Italia.

    Vinc d'Itàlia.

    I come from Italy.

    Italian uses da for movement from; but sono di Roma 'I'm from Rome' for a hometown. Romanian din is de + în, 'out of'.

  • Vado dal medico.

    Voy al médico.

    Je vais chez le médecin.

    Vou ao médico.

    Merg la doctor.

    Vaig al metge.

    I'm going to the doctor's.

    French chez is Latin CASAM 'house'; Italian da and Romanian la do the same job.

  • Questo regalo è per te.

    Este regalo es para ti.

    Ce cadeau est pour toi.

    Este presente é para você.

    Cadoul ăsta e pentru tine.

    Aquest regal és per a tu.

    This present is for you.

  • Passiamo per il parco.

    Pasamos por el parque.

    On passe par le parc.

    Passamos pelo parque.

    Trecem prin parc.

    Passem pel parc.

    We go through the park.

  • Studio lo spagnolo da due anni.

    Estudio español desde hace dos años.

    J'étudie l'espagnol depuis deux ans.

    Estudo espanhol há dois anos.

    Învăț spaniolă de doi ani.

    Estudio castellà des de fa dos anys.

    I've been studying Spanish for two years.

    All six use the present for something still going on; English uses the perfect.

  • Vedo Maria.

    Veo a María.

    Je vois Marie.

    Vejo a Maria.

    O văd pe Maria.

    Veig la Maria.

    I can see María.

    Spanish personal a: a specific person as direct object. Romanian marks it with pe and doubles it with a pronoun. The a in Portuguese a Maria and la in Catalan la Maria are just the article that names take there.

Contractions

SpanishFrenchItalianPortugueseRomanianCatalan
to the (m sg)alaual, alloao-ului (dative)al
of the (m sg)deldudel, dellodo-ului (genitive)del
to the (pl)a los, a lasauxai, agli, alleaos, às-lor (dative)als, a les
of the (pl)de los, de lasdesdei, degli, delledos, das-lor (genitive)dels, de les
in the (m sg)en eldans lenel, nellonoîn (+ bare noun)al, en el

Romanian has nothing to contract: its article sticks to the end of the noun (parcul 'the park'), 'to the' and 'of the' are case endings (băiatului 'to / of the boy'), and after most prepositions the article simply drops: în parc 'in the park'.