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Leggi fonetiche · Legge 20 · Nessi

S + consonant at the start of a word

S + consonant (initial)

Per ora le spiegazioni sono in inglese; gli esempi sono in tutte le lingue.

Spagnolo

es-

Francese

é- (from es-, s lost)

Italiano

s- (kept; takes lo, gli)

Portoghese

es-

Rumeno

s- (kept)

Catalano

es-

Cosa è successo

Initial s + consonant was hard to start a word with after a consonant, so speakers added a vowel before it, already visible in late imperial inscriptions (spellings like ISPIRITUM, ISCOLA). Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan and French generalized es-; French later lost the s before the consonant (see circumflex), leaving é-. Italian and Romanian keep the bare cluster, which is why Italian needs the special articles lo and gli (lo studente).

Esempi

LatinoItalianoSpagnoloFrancesePortogheseRumenoCatalanoParente inglese
STELLAM‘star’stellaestrellaétoileestrelasteaestrellastellar
SCRĪBERE‘to write’scrivereescribirécrireescreverscrieescriurescribe
SCHOLAM‘school’scuolaescuelaécoleescola—escolaschool
SPATHAM‘broadsword’spadaespadaépéeespada—espasa
SPONSUM‘betrothed → husband’sposoesposoépouxesposo—espòsspouse
SPĪNAM‘thorn (pt espinha 'fishbone')’spinaespinaépineespinha—espinaspine

Chiave di decodifica

Spanish, Portuguese or Catalan es- or French é- + consonant? Drop the vowel for Italian and Romanian: escribir, écrire → scrivere, scrie. French é- often needs an s back: épine → espina, spina.

Eccezioni

Later learned words keep a bare s- in French (spécial, statue, scolaire), and Spanish adds e- even to new loans (estrés, esnob, eslogan), as Portuguese and Catalan do in speech. Italian kept a prosthetic i- after a consonant in older usage (in Isvizzera, per iscritto). Romanian școală is a Slavic loan, not SCHOLAM inherited.

Guardala in azione: SPATHAM

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