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Legi fonetice · Legea 9 · Consoane

C before E and I

C (before E, I)

Deocamdată, explicațiile de aici sunt în engleză; exemplele sunt în toate limbile.

Spaniolă

θ (c, z); s where there is seseo

Franceză

s (c, ç)

Italiană

tʃ (c)

Portugheză

s (c, ç); z [z] between vowels

Română

tʃ (c)

Catalană

s (c, ç); between vowels lost, or u at the end (veí, deu)

Ce s-a întâmplat

In late spoken Latin, k before a front vowel was pulled forward toward the palate, becoming an affricate, ts in the west and tʃ in Italy and the Balkans. Italian and Romanian stopped at tʃ. French, Portuguese and Catalan simplified ts to s in the Middle Ages (voiced to z between vowels, which Catalan then often lost), and Spanish turned its ts, via a dental s, into the θ of Peninsular Spanish around the 16th–17th centuries.

Exemple

LatinăItalianăSpaniolăFrancezăPortughezăRomânăCatalanăRudă în engleză
CAELUM‘sky’cielocielocielcéucercelcelestial
CENTUM‘hundred’centociencentcem—centcentury
CĪVITĀTEM‘city (ro cetate 'fortress')’cittàciudadcitécidadecetateciutatcity
CERVUM‘deer’cervociervocerfcervocerbcérvol
DECEM‘ten’diecidiezdixdezzecedeudecimal
VĪCĪNUM‘neighbour’vicinovecinovoisinvizinhovecinveívicinity

Decodor

Spanish ce, ci, z [θ] = French, Portuguese and Catalan ce, ci [s] = Italian and Romanian ce, ci [tʃ]: cielo, ciel, céu, cer look alike but sound different. The letters usually match; only the sound shifts.

Excepții

Latin American, Canarian and much Andalusian Spanish say s, not θ (seseo). Between vowels French and Portuguese voiced the sound to z (voisin, vizinho), and Spanish wrote z at the end of a word (diez). Catalan cérvol is built on a diminutive. C before A, O, U stays hard everywhere but French (see ca-to-cha).

Vezi-o în acțiune: CĪVITĀTEM

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