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Leggi fonetiche · Legge 25 · Desinenze

-TĀTEM: -dad, -té, -tà

-TĀTEM

Per ora le spiegazioni sono in inglese; gli esempi sono in tutte le lingue.

Spagnolo

-dad (-tad in some words after a consonant)

Francese

-té

Italiano

-tà

Portoghese

-dade (-tade after a consonant)

Rumeno

-tate

Catalano

-tat

Cosa è successo

The abstract-noun ending -TĀTEM wore down differently in each sister. Spanish and Portuguese voiced the t between vowels; Portuguese kept the final -e (-dade) and Spanish dropped it (-dad). Catalan dropped the -e and devoiced what was left to -tat. French lost the final -te altogether and turned stressed free a into e (see free-a): -té. Italian had -tade, still found in old poetry, and then cut it short to a stressed -tà, while Romanian, which kept its stops, has the full -tate. English took -ty from French.

Esempi

LatinoItalianoSpagnoloFrancesePortogheseRumenoCatalanoParente inglese
CĪVITĀTEM‘citizenship → city (ro cetate 'fortress')’cittàciudadcitécidadecetateciutatcity
BONITĀTEM‘goodness’bontàbondadbontébondadebunătatebondatbounty
LIBERTĀTEM‘freedom’libertàlibertadlibertéliberdade—llibertatliberty
CĀRITĀTEM‘dearness → love, charity’caritàcaridadcharitécaridade—caritatcharity
VOLUNTĀTEM‘will’volontàvoluntadvolontévontade—voluntat
VĒRITĀTEM‘truth’veritàverdadvéritéverdade—veritatverity
MEDIETĀTEM‘half’metàmitadmoitiémetade—meitatmoiety

Chiave di decodifica

Spanish -dad = Portuguese -dade = Catalan -tat = French -té = Italian -tà = Romanian -tate = English -ty: ciudad, cidade, ciutat, cité, città, city. Italian -tà is always stressed and written with an accent.

Eccezioni

Where a consonant stood before the t early enough (LIBERTĀTEM, VOLUNTĀTEM), it was never between vowels, so Spanish keeps -tad (libertad, voluntad, lealtad) and Portuguese -tade in vontade (but liberdade); where syncope came later, the t had already voiced (bondad, ciudad, bondade). French has -tié after a yod (moitié, amitié), and Italian poetry still uses -tade, -tate. Romanian libertate and caritate are modern borrowings, and 'truth' there is adevăr.

Guardala in azione: CĪVITĀTEM

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