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Legi fonetice · Legea 13 · Consoane

Germanic W- becomes gu- / g-

Germanic W-

Deocamdată, explicațiile de aici sunt în engleză; exemplele sunt în toate limbile.

Spaniolă

gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)

Franceză

g(u)- [g]

Italiană

gu- [gw]

Portugheză

gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)

Română

— (Romanian has no words from this Germanic layer)

Catalană

gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)

Ce s-a întâmplat

Words borrowed from Germanic peoples (Franks, Goths, Lombards) in late antiquity began with a [w] that spoken Latin no longer had, since its own V had become a fricative. Speakers rendered it as gw, reinforcing the lip-rounding with a velar stop. Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Catalan keep gu-; French reduced gw to plain g, writing gu before e and i. Romanian, cut off from the West, never received these words (gardă and gherilă are modern loans).

Exemple

LatinăItalianăSpaniolăFrancezăPortughezăRomânăCatalanăRudă în engleză
Germanic *WERRA‘strife → war’guerraguerraguerreguerra—guerrawar
Germanic *WARDŌN‘to watch, guard’guardareguardargarderguardar—guardarguard
Germanic *WĪSA‘manner, way’guisaguisaguiseguisa—guisaguise
Frankish *WARNJAN‘to equip, furnish’guarnireguarnecergarnirguarnecer—guarnirgarnish

Decodor

Spanish, Italian, Portuguese or Catalan gu- and French g- often go back to English w-: guerra, guerre ~ war; guardar, garder ~ ward. Italian guardare means 'to look at', Spanish and Portuguese guardar 'to keep'.

Excepții

Germanic w sometimes rubbed off on Latin V-words in French: VESPAM → guêpe (beside avispa, vespa), VASTĀRE → gâter. Norman French kept w, which is why English has war, warden and wardrobe beside guard and guardian.

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