Legi fonetice · Legea 19 · Grupuri de consoane
NN, GN and N + yod
NN, GN, NI/NE + vowel
Deocamdată, explicațiile de aici sunt în engleză; exemplele sunt în toate limbile.
Spaniolă
ñ [ɲ]
Franceză
gn [ɲ]; NN → n (nasal vowel at the end)
Italiană
nn kept; GN, NI → gn [ɲɲ]
Portugheză
nh [ɲ]; NN → n
Română
NI → i (vie); GN → mn (pumn); NN → n (an)
Catalană
ny [ɲ], also from NN (any)
Ce s-a întâmplat
N followed by a yod, and the cluster GN, both became the palatal nasal [ɲ] (the tongue body pressed against the palate) in the western sisters and Italian, written ñ in Spanish, gn in French and Italian, nh in Portuguese and ny in Catalan. Spanish and Catalan also palatalized double NN, a change the others did not share: Italian kept nn, French and Portuguese reduced it to n. Romanian went its own way: NI lost the n (vie), and GN became mn (see velar-to-labial).
Exemple
| Latină | Italiană | Spaniolă | Franceză | Portugheză | Română | Catalană | Rudă în engleză |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANNUM‘year’ | anno | año | an | ano | an | any | annual |
| VĪNEAM‘vineyard’ | vigna | viña | vigne | vinha | vie | vinya | vine |
| PUGNUM‘fist’ | pugno | puño | poing | punho | pumn | puny | |
| SENIŌREM‘older → lord’ | signore | señor | seigneur | senhor | — | senyor | senior |
| CASTANEAM‘chestnut’ | castagna | castaña | châtaigne | castanha | — | castanya | |
| *MONTĀNEAM‘mountain’ | montagna | montaña | montagne | montanha | — | muntanya | mountain |
Decodor
Spanish ñ = Portuguese nh = Catalan ny = French and Italian gn when the source is n + i or gn (señor, senhor, senyor, seigneur, signore), but Italian nn and French and Portuguese n when it is Latin NN (año, any → anno, an, ano).
Excepții
At the end of a French word ɲ dissolved into a nasal vowel (poing). Learned words keep a plain n: Spanish anual beside año, French annuel, Italian annuale. Catalan any shows the NN → ny shared with Spanish año, so Catalan ny can stand for Italian nn.
În banca ta de cuvinte
- sir, Mr.señormonsieursignoresenhordomnsenyor
- happy birthdayfeliz cumpleañosjoyeux anniversairebuon compleannofeliz aniversáriola mulți aniper molts anys
- happy New Yearfeliz año nuevobonne annéebuon annofeliz ano novoan nou fericitbon any nou
- companion, mate (classmate, workmate)compañerocompagnoncompagnocolegacolegcompany
- lord (master, nobleman)señorseigneursignoresenhorstăpânsenyor
- brother-in-lawcuñadobeau-frèrecognatocunhadocumnatcunyat
- bathroombañosalle de bainsbagnobanheirobaiebany
- bathbañobainbagnobanhobaiebany
- wooden (made of wood)de maderaen boisdi legnode madeirade lemnde fusta
- mountainmontañamontagnemontagnamontanhamuntemuntanya
- log (of firewood)leñobûcheceppolenhalemntronc
- yearañoanannoanoanany
- Junejuniojuingiugnojunhoiuniejuny
- companycompañíacompagniecompagniaempresafirmăempresa
- campaigncampañacampagnecampagnacampanhacampaniecampanya
- to teachenseñarenseignerinsegnareensinarpredaensenyar
- strangeextrañoétrangestranoestranhociudatestrany
- dreamsueñorêvesognosonhovissomni