Lleis fonètiques · Llei 17 · Grups consonàntics

C'L inside a word

-C(U)L-, -T(U)L- (after syncope)

De moment, les explicacions d’aquesta secció són en anglès; els exemples són en totes les llengües.

Espanyol

j [x]

Francès

il, ill [j]

Italià

cchi [kkj]

Portuguès

lh [ʎ]

Romanès

chi, che [kʲ]

Català

ll [ʎ]

Què va passar

Spoken Latin dropped the unstressed vowel in endings like -ULUM, creating a cluster CL (OCULUM → *oclu); TL joined it as CL (the Appendix Probi warns 'VETULUS, not VECLUS'). Italian turned the l into a glide and kept the k (doubled): cchi; Romanian did the same with a single k: ochi, ureche. Spanish, French, Portuguese and Catalan treated cl like LI: a palatal [ʎ] that Portuguese (lh) and Catalan (ll) keep, French reduced to [j] and Spanish pushed back to [x].

Exemples

Llatí	Italià	Espanyol	Francès	Portuguès	Romanès	Català	Parent anglès
OCULUM‘eye’	occhio	ojo	œil	olho	ochi	ull	ocular
AURICULAM (VL ORICLA)‘ear’	orecchio	oreja	oreille	orelha	ureche	orella	auricular
VETULAM (VL VECLA)‘old (fem.)’	vecchia	vieja	vieille	velha	veche	vella
GENUCULUM‘knee (es hinojo, archaic)’	ginocchio	hinojo	genou	joelho	genunchi	genoll
SPECULUM‘mirror’	specchio	espejo	—	espelho	—	espill

Descodificador

Spanish -ejo/-eja and -ojo, French -eil/-eille, Italian -cchio/-cchia, Portuguese -lho/-lha, Catalan -ll/-lla, Romanian -chi/-che: ojo, œil, occhio, olho, ull, ochi. English learned words show -cul-: ocular, auricular.

Excepcions

Learned words keep -culo, -cle, -colo: ocular, espectáculo, vehículo; oculaire, spectacle; oculare, spettacolo. Where the vowel dropped late or not at all, there is no palatal: TĒGULAM gives Spanish teja (its G'L treated like C'L), but Italian tegola and French tuile. Spanish says rodilla for knee today; hinojo survives in de hinojos 'kneeling'.

Mira com passa: OCULUM

Què va passar

Exemples

Descodificador

Excepcions

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