« cold (illness) » en sept langues
Senscold (illness)
Espagnol
/resfɾiˈado/
masc.héréditaire
Also constipado — a false friend: it means 'with a cold', not constipated.
Français
/ʁym/
masc.autre source · Latin RHEUMA 'flow, catarrh', from Greek
Italien
/raffredˈdore/
masc.héréditaire
Portugais
/hesfɾiˈadu/
masc.héréditaire
In Portugal it is constipação — which does not mean constipation.
Roumain
/rəˈtʃe̯alə/
fém.autre source · Romanian răci 'to cool', from rece (Latin RECENTEM 'fresh')
Catalan
/rəfɾəˈdat/
masc.héréditaire
Anglais
/koʊld/
anglais natif · Old English cald
L’ancêtre latin
FRĪGIDUM‘cold’
Les six sœurs en descendent, sauf indication contraire ci-dessous.
L’histoire
Spanish and Italian say you have been 'chilled' (frío, freddo, from FRĪGIDUS). French rhume is Greek rheûma 'a flow' — the runny nose — also behind English rheumatism.
Parents anglais: frigid; rheumatism (fr)
L’apprendre
Dans une phrase
- esTengo un resfriado.
- frJ'ai un rhume.
- itHo il raffreddore.
- ptEstou resfriado.
- roAm o răceală.
- caTinc un refredat.
- enI've got a cold.
La famille latine
FRĪG-· cold
FRĪGIDUM was squeezed in speech to *FRIGDU, and French and Italian point to a short i (probably under the influence of RIGIDUS 'stiff'), giving froid and freddo; Spanish lost the -g- and the -d- to give frío. Centuries later the full Latin word came back as frígido, frigide, frigido, frigid — 'sexually cold' or 'frozen' in register. Portuguese frio and Catalan fred are inherited too (Catalan, like French and Italian, points to the short i); Romanian says rece, from RECENTEM 'fresh'.
FRĪGIDUMcold
esfríofrfroiditfreddoptfriocafred
FRĪGIDUMcold (learned)
esfrígidofrfrigideitfrigidoptfrígidorofrigidcafrígidenfrigid
REFRĪGERĀREto make cool again
esrefrigerarfrréfrigéreritrefrigerareptrefrigerarrorefrigeracarefrigerarenrefrigerate
FRĪGIDUM (via resfriar)a cold
esresfriadoptresfriado