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Leggi fonetiche · Legge 3 · Vocali

French stressed free A becomes e

A (stressed, open syllable)

Per ora le spiegazioni sono in inglese; gli esempi sono in tutte le lingue.

Spagnolo

a (kept)

Francese

e, è, é; ie after a palatal (chien)

Italiano

a (kept)

Portoghese

a (kept)

Rumeno

a (kept); â before n (câine)

Catalano

a (kept)

Cosa è successo

In northern Gaul, a stressed A ending its syllable lengthened and fronted until it became an e, in the centuries before the first French texts; the other five sisters kept the a. After a consonant that had turned palatal (the ch from CA, see ca-to-cha) the result was ie instead (Bartsch's law): CANEM → chien. In most such words the i later disappeared after ch, so CARUM gave Old French chier, today cher.

Esempi

LatinoItalianoSpagnoloFrancesePortogheseRumenoCatalanoParente inglese
MARE‘sea’maremarmermarmaremarmarine
PATREM‘father’padrepadrepèrepai—parepaternal
SALEM‘salt’salesalselsalsaresalsaline
PRĀTUM‘meadow’pratopradopréprado—prat
NĀVEM‘ship’navenavenefnau—naunave
CANEM‘dog’canecanchiencãocâinecacanine
CĀRUM‘dear’carocarochercaro—car

Chiave di decodifica

A French stressed e, è or é before a single consonant (or at the end) often hides an a: mer, père, pré → mar/mare, padre/pare, prado/prato. After ch, look for ca: chien, cher → cane, caro.

Eccezioni

Before a nasal the A gave ai instead (PANEM → pain, MANUM → main, AMAT → aime). In a closed syllable it stayed a (PARTEM → part, CARRUM → char), and learned words keep a (natal, salaire). Spanish can and Catalan ca are literary or regional for dog; everyday Spanish says perro and Central Catalan gos.

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