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Leyes fonéticas · Ley 20 · Grupos consonánticos

S + consonant at the start of a word

S + consonant (initial)

Por ahora, las explicaciones de esta sección están en inglés; los ejemplos están en todas las lenguas.

Español

es-

Francés

é- (from es-, s lost)

Italiano

s- (kept; takes lo, gli)

Portugués

es-

Rumano

s- (kept)

Catalán

es-

Qué ocurrió

Initial s + consonant was hard to start a word with after a consonant, so speakers added a vowel before it, already visible in late imperial inscriptions (spellings like ISPIRITUM, ISCOLA). Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan and French generalized es-; French later lost the s before the consonant (see circumflex), leaving é-. Italian and Romanian keep the bare cluster, which is why Italian needs the special articles lo and gli (lo studente).

Ejemplos

LatínItalianoEspañolFrancésPortuguésRumanoCatalánPariente en inglés
STELLAM‘star’stellaestrellaétoileestrelasteaestrellastellar
SCRĪBERE‘to write’scrivereescribirécrireescreverscrieescriurescribe
SCHOLAM‘school’scuolaescuelaécoleescola—escolaschool
SPATHAM‘broadsword’spadaespadaépéeespada—espasa
SPONSUM‘betrothed → husband’sposoesposoépouxesposo—espòsspouse
SPĪNAM‘thorn (pt espinha 'fishbone')’spinaespinaépineespinha—espinaspine

Descodificador

Spanish, Portuguese or Catalan es- or French é- + consonant? Drop the vowel for Italian and Romanian: escribir, écrire → scrivere, scrie. French é- often needs an s back: épine → espina, spina.

Excepciones

Later learned words keep a bare s- in French (spécial, statue, scolaire), and Spanish adds e- even to new loans (estrés, esnob, eslogan), as Portuguese and Catalan do in speech. Italian kept a prosthetic i- after a consonant in older usage (in Isvizzera, per iscritto). Romanian școală is a Slavic loan, not SCHOLAM inherited.

Míralo en acción: SPATHAM

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