Leyes fonéticas · Ley 20 · Grupos consonánticos
S + consonant at the start of a word
S + consonant (initial)
Por ahora, las explicaciones de esta sección están en inglés; los ejemplos están en todas las lenguas.
Español
es-
Francés
é- (from es-, s lost)
Italiano
s- (kept; takes lo, gli)
Portugués
es-
Rumano
s- (kept)
Catalán
es-
Qué ocurrió
Initial s + consonant was hard to start a word with after a consonant, so speakers added a vowel before it, already visible in late imperial inscriptions (spellings like ISPIRITUM, ISCOLA). Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan and French generalized es-; French later lost the s before the consonant (see circumflex), leaving é-. Italian and Romanian keep the bare cluster, which is why Italian needs the special articles lo and gli (lo studente).
Ejemplos
| Latín | Italiano | Español | Francés | Portugués | Rumano | Catalán | Pariente en inglés |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STELLAM‘star’ | stella | estrella | étoile | estrela | stea | estrella | stellar |
| SCRĪBERE‘to write’ | scrivere | escribir | écrire | escrever | scrie | escriure | scribe |
| SCHOLAM‘school’ | scuola | escuela | école | escola | — | escola | school |
| SPATHAM‘broadsword’ | spada | espada | épée | espada | — | espasa | |
| SPONSUM‘betrothed → husband’ | sposo | esposo | époux | esposo | — | espòs | spouse |
| SPĪNAM‘thorn (pt espinha 'fishbone')’ | spina | espina | épine | espinha | — | espina | spine |
Descodificador
Spanish, Portuguese or Catalan es- or French é- + consonant? Drop the vowel for Italian and Romanian: escribir, écrire → scrivere, scrie. French é- often needs an s back: épine → espina, spina.
Excepciones
Later learned words keep a bare s- in French (spécial, statue, scolaire), and Spanish adds e- even to new loans (estrés, esnob, eslogan), as Portuguese and Catalan do in speech. Italian kept a prosthetic i- after a consonant in older usage (in Isvizzera, per iscritto). Romanian școală is a Slavic loan, not SCHOLAM inherited.
En tu banco de palabras
- slaveesclavoesclaveschiavoescravosclavesclau
- stomachestómagoestomacstomacoestômagostomacestómac
- shoulderhombroépaulespallaombroumărespatlla
- stairs, staircaseescaleraescalierscalaescadascarăescala
- mirrorespejomiroirspecchioespelhooglindămirall
- stadiumestadiostadestadioestádiostadionestadi
- stationestacióngarestazioneestaçãogarăestació
- starestrellaétoilestellaestrelasteaestrella
- speciesespecieespècespecieespéciespecieespècie
- seasonestaciónsaisonstagioneestaçãoanotimpestació
- scarfbufandaécharpesciarpacachecolfularbufanda
- strategyestrategiastratégiestrategiaestratégiastrategieestratègia
- writerescritorécrivainscrittoreescritorscriitorescriptor
- studio (artist's, recording)estudiostudiostudioestúdiostudioestudi
- schoolescuelaécolescuolaescolașcoalăescola
- student (university)estudianteétudiantstudenteestudantestudentestudiant
- to studyestudiarétudierstudiareestudarstudiaestudiar
- to spell (a word)deletrearépelercompitaresoletrarspune pe literelletrejar