Legi fonetice · Legea 21 · Grupuri de consoane
French loses S before a consonant (^)
S + consonant (inside a word)
Deocamdată, explicațiile de aici sunt în engleză; exemplele sunt în toate limbile.
Spaniolă
s kept
Franceză
s lost; often marked ^ (ê â ô î û)
Italiană
s kept
Portugheză
s kept
Română
s kept
Catalană
s kept
Ce s-a întâmplat
In medieval French, s before a consonant weakened and disappeared, often lengthening the vowel before it; the other five sisters kept the s. Scribes kept writing the s for centuries, and when spelling was modernized in the 18th century the circumflex accent replaced it in many words. English, which borrowed from French before the loss, still has the s.
Exemple
| Latină | Italiană | Spaniolă | Franceză | Portugheză | Română | Catalană | Rudă în engleză |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FESTAM‘feast day’ | festa | fiesta | fête | festa | — | festa | feast |
| COSTAM‘rib → side, coast’ | costa | costa | côte | costa | coastă | costa | coast |
| HOSPITEM‘guest, host’ | ospite | huésped | hôte | hóspede | oaspete | hoste | host |
| CASTELLUM‘fort → castle’ | castello | castillo | château | castelo | — | castell | castle |
| CRUSTAM‘crust’ | crosta | costra | croûte | crosta | — | crosta | crust |
| INSULAM‘island’ | isola | isla | île | ilha | — | illa | isle |
Decodor
French ê, â, ô, î, û? Put an s after the vowel to get the word in the other sisters (and often English): fête → fiesta, festa, feast; côte → costa, coastă, coast.
Excepții
The circumflex also marks other lost sounds (âge from Old French aage, sûr from seür) and tells homographs apart (du/dû, sur/sûr); since the 1990 reform it is optional on i and u in most words. Later learned words and loans keep the s: fête but festival (from English), hôpital but hospitalier. Catalan illa (and Portuguese ilha, probably taken from Catalan or Occitan) lost the s by another road: the cluster s'l became a palatal ll.
În banca ta de cuvinte
- guest (also host)huéspedhôteospitehóspedeoaspetehoste
- witnesstestigotémointestimonetestemunhamartortestimoni
- master (expert)maestromaîtremaestromestremaestrumestre
- malemachomâlemaschiomachomasculmascle
- bishopobispoévêquevescovobispoepiscopbisbe
- priestsacerdoteprêtrepretepadrepreotcapellà
- headcabezatêtetestacabeçacapcap
- freshfrescofraisfrescofrescoproaspătfresc
- windowventanafenêtrefinestrajanelafereastrăfinestra
- boxcajaboîtescatolacaixacutiecapsa
- castlecastillochâteaucastellocastelocastelcastell
- hotelhotelhôtelalbergohotelhotelhotel
- islandislaîleisolailhainsulăilla
- stormtormentatempêtetempestatempestadefurtunătempesta
- coastcostacôtecostacostacoastăcosta
- stick (of wood)palobâtonbastonegravetobățpal
- donkeyburroâneasinoburromăgarase
- Augustagostoaoûtagostoagostoaugustagost