Lois phonétiques · Loi 16 · Groupes consonantiques
L + yod
LI, LE + vowel
Les explications sont pour l’instant en anglais ; les exemples sont dans toutes les langues.
Espagnol
j [x]
Français
il, ill [j]
Italien
gli [ʎʎ]
Portugais
lh [ʎ]
Roumain
i [j] (the l lost)
Catalan
ll [ʎ]
Ce qui s’est passé
In spoken Latin, an unstressed I or E before another vowel became a glide [j] (yod), and L + j merged into a palatal l, [ʎ]. Italian kept it, doubled between vowels, and Portuguese (lh) and Catalan (ll) kept it single. French later lost the lateral, leaving the glide [j], still spelled -il, -ill-, and Romanian did the same (foaie, pai). Spanish hardened ʎ to ʒ, devoiced it to ʃ and pushed it back to [x], the same road as medial CL.
Exemples
| Latin | Italien | Espagnol | Français | Portugais | Roumain | Catalan | Parent anglais |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FOLIAM‘leaf (ro foaie 'sheet')’ | foglia | hoja | feuille | folha | foaie | fulla | foliage |
| FĪLIAM‘daughter’ | figlia | hija | fille | filha | — | filla | filial |
| ALIUM‘garlic’ | aglio | ajo | ail | alho | ai | all | |
| PALEAM‘straw’ | paglia | paja | paille | palha | pai | palla | |
| MELIŌREM‘better’ | migliore | mejor | meilleur | melhor | — | millor | ameliorate |
| CONSILIUM‘counsel, advice’ | consiglio | consejo | conseil | conselho | — | consell | counsel |
Clé de lecture
Italian gli = Portuguese lh = Catalan ll = Spanish j = French ill/il: foglia, folha, fulla, hoja, feuille; aglio, alho, all, ajo, ail. Romanian has just i: foaie, ai.
Exceptions
French fils comes from the nominative FĪLIUS, not FĪLIUM, so it shows no palatal (and its l is silent). Romanian ai 'garlic' is now mostly usturoi in everyday speech. Learned words keep li: filial, conciliar, auxiliar.
Voir la transformation: FĪLIUM
Dans votre lexique
- womanmujerfemmedonnamulherfemeiedona
- familyfamiliafamillefamigliafamíliafamiliefamília
- sonhijofilsfigliofilhofiufill
- daughterhijafillefigliafilhafiicăfilla
- wifeesposafemmemoglieesposasoțiedona
- eyebrowcejasourcilsopraccigliosobrancelhasprânceanăcella
- garlicajoailaglioalhousturoiall
- milemillamillemigliomilhamilămilla
- leafhojafeuillefogliafolhafrunzăfulla
- shell (of a snail or shellfish)conchacoquilleconchigliaconchascoicăpetxina
- Julyjuliojuilletlugliojulhoiuliejuliol
- size (of clothes)tallatailletagliatamanhomărimetalla
- worktrabajotravaillavorotrabalhomuncăfeina
- council (governing body)consejoconseilconsiglioconselhoconsiliuconsell
- sheet (of paper)hojafeuillefogliofolhafoaiefull
- to improvemejoraraméliorermiglioraremelhorarîmbunătățimillorar
- bettermejormeilleurmiglioremelhormai bunmillor
- wetmojadomouillébagnatomolhadoudmullat