Lois phonétiques · Loi 10 · Consonnes
French CA becomes cha
CA
Les explications sont pour l’instant en anglais ; les exemples sont dans toutes les langues.
Espagnol
ca kept
Français
cha, che, chie [ʃ]
Italien
ca kept
Portugais
ca kept
Roumain
ca kept (câ-, că- in Romanian spelling)
Catalan
ca kept
Ce qui s’est passé
In early French, k before a was pulled forward to the palate, as it already had been before e and i, giving tʃ, which simplified to ʃ in the 13th century. The other five sisters kept a plain k. The vowel after it often changed too (see free-a), so cha-, che- and chie- all come from Latin CA. G before A did the same in French, giving j [ʒ]: VL GAMBA → jambe, beside Italian gamba.
Exemples
| Latin | Italien | Espagnol | Français | Portugais | Roumain | Catalan | Parent anglais |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CABALLUM‘horse’ | cavallo | caballo | cheval | cavalo | cal | cavall | cavalry |
| CANTĀRE‘to sing’ | cantare | cantar | chanter | cantar | cânta | cantar | chant |
| CAMPUM‘field’ | campo | campo | champ | campo | câmp | camp | camp |
| CAPRAM‘goat’ | capra | cabra | chèvre | cabra | capră | cabra | |
| VACCAM‘cow’ | vacca | vaca | vache | vaca | vacă | vaca | |
| CASAM‘hut → house; French 'at the home of'’ | casa | casa | chez | casa | casă | casa |
Clé de lecture
French ch- before a vowel? Try c- in every sister: chanter → cantar, cantare, cânta; champ → campo, câmp, camp. Expect the French vowel to differ.
Exceptions
Norman and Picard French kept k, so English borrowed both versions: catch (Norman) and chase (Parisian), cattle and chattel. Learned and later borrowings keep ca in French too (capital, canal, cavalier from Italian).
Voir la transformation: CABALLUM
Dans votre lexique
- nice to meet youencantadoenchantépiaceremuito prazerîncântatencantat
- championcampeónchampioncampionecampeãocampioncampió
- huntercazadorchasseurcacciatorecaçadorvânătorcaçador
- mouthbocaboucheboccabocagurăboca
- hair (on the head)cabellocheveucapellocabelopărcabell
- room, bedroomhabitaciónchambrecameraquartocamerăhabitació
- forktenedorfourchetteforchettagarfofurculițăforquilla
- chaincadenachaînecatenacorrentelanțcadena
- marketmercadomarchémercatomercadopiațămercat
- castlecastillochâteaucastellocastelocastelcastell
- fieldcampochampcampocampocâmpcamp
- rockrocarocherocciarocharocăroca
- heatcalorchaleurcaldocalorcăldurăcalor
- coalcarbóncharboncarbonecarvãocărbunecarbó
- dogperrochiencanecachorrocâinegos
- catgatochatgattogatopisicăgat
- horsecaballochevalcavallocavalocalcavall
- cowvacavachevaccavacavacăvaca