L’italiano per chi parla catalano
Sai già più italiano di quanto pensi. Delle 2.264 parole quotidiane di Cognata, 1.699 hanno un’affine in catalano: la stessa parola, rimodellata da secoli di parlato. Parti da quelle, impara i cambiamenti regolari che legano le due lingue e tieni d’occhio i falsi amici.
Imposta la combinazione su catalano → italiano e apre le parole affini.
- hanno la stessa origine
- 75%
- ereditate da entrambe
- 29%
- da imparare da zero
- 25%
2.264 parole a confronto
Parole che conosci già
Parole quotidiane le cui forme in catalano e in italiano vengono dalla stessa origine.
Le leggi fonetiche tra le due
Cambiamenti regolari che trasformano una parola in catalano nella sua affine in italiano: imparane uno e vale per centinaia di parole.
- Stressed short E breaks into iee [ɛ] (no diphthong); i next to a palatal (llit)ie (open syllable); e (closed)PETRAMpedrapietra
- Stressed short O breaks into ue / uo / euo [ɔ] (no diphthong)uo (open syllable); o (closed)NOVUMnounuovo
- French stressed free A becomes ea (kept)a (kept)MAREmarmare
- French fronts long U to [y]u [u] (kept)u [u] (kept)LŪNAMllunaluna
- AU becomes oooAURUMororo
- French vowel + nasal becomes a nasal voweloral vowel; final n after the stress lost (pa, vi)vowel + n keptPĀNEMpapane
- Spanish initial F- becomes h- (silent)f- keptf- keptFĪLIUM (fr. from nom. FĪLIUS)fillfiglio
- Voiceless stops between vowels softenb (v) d g; p t c again at the end of a word (amic, agut)mostly kept (p t c)VĪTAMvidavita
- C before E and Is (c, ç); between vowels lost, or u at the end (veí, deu)tʃ (c)CAELUMcelcielo
- French CA becomes chaca keptca keptCABALLUMcavallcavallo
- Initial I- (J-) and G before E, Ij, g [ʒ]gi, g [dʒ]IOCUMjocgioco
- B and V merge in Spanishmerged as in Spanish (Central Catalan); v kept in Balearic and parts of Valenciav kept; B between vowels → vVĪNUMvivino
- Germanic W- becomes gu- / g-gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)gu- [gw]Germanic *WERRAguerraguerra
- L before a consonant becomes ul kept (altre, falç)l kept (altro, caldo)ALTERUMaltrealtro
- CTit, t (the i absorbed by the vowel: nit, fet)ttNOCTEMnitnotte
- L + yodll [ʎ]gli [ʎʎ]FOLIAMfullafoglia
- C'L inside a wordll [ʎ]cchi [kkj]OCULUMullocchio
- CL-, PL-, FL- at the start of a wordcl- pl- fl- (kept)chi- pi- fi-CLĀVEMclauchiave
- NN, GN and N + yodny [ɲ], also from NN (any)nn kept; GN, NI → gn [ɲɲ]ANNUManyanno
- S + consonant at the start of a wordes-s- (kept; takes lo, gli)STELLAMestrellastella
- French loses S before a consonant (^)s kepts keptFESTAMfestafesta
- Italian assimilates clusterssimplified: pt → t, mn → n; x → ix [ʃ]assimilated: tt, ss, ss, nnSEPTEMsetsette
- Final vowelsdropped except -a (said [ə]); -e kept after clusters-o, -a, -e keptLUPUMlloplupo
- Plurals: -s or -i-s, -es (from the accusative)-i, -e (from the nominative)LUPŌS (acc.) / LUPĪ (nom.)llopslupi
- -TĀTEM: -dad, -té, -tà-tat-tàCĪVITĀTEMciutatcittà
- -TIŌNEM: learned -ción, inherited -zón-ció (learned); inherited -ó (raó, tió)-zione (learned); inherited -zzone or -gioneRATIŌNEMraóragione
- -ĀRIUM: -ero, -ier, -aio-er, -era-aio, -aia (Tuscan); also -aro, -iereCABALLĀRIUMcavallercavaliere
- Adverbs in -mente / -ment-ment-menteCLĀRĀ MENTEclaramentchiaramente
- Single L between vowels: lost in Portuguese, r in Romanianl keptl keptFĪLUMfilfilo
- Portuguese loses single N between vowelsn kept; lost where it became final (mà; see final-n)n keptLĀNAMllanalana
- Romanian turns velars into labialsit/t, ix [ʃ], ny; qu, gutt, ss, gn; qu, gu (assimilated or kept)OCTŌvuitotto
- Romanian T, D, S before i become ț, z, șt, d, s keptt, d, s keptDĪCEREdirdire
- Catalan drops -n at the end of a wordlost (pa, vi); back in the plural (pans, vins)n kept, final vowel kept (pane, vino)PĀNEMpapane
Falsi amici da tenere d’occhio
mare (Catalano) significa “mother” · mare (Italiano) significa “sea”
Coincidence. Catalan mare is MĀTREM worn down (as pare is PATREM); Italian mare is Latin MARE 'sea'. Romanian mare is 'sea' too — and also 'big'.
Parole da imparare da zero
Parole comuni in cui l’italiano ha fatto di testa sua.