Il francese per chi parla catalano
Sai già più francese di quanto pensi. Delle 2.264 parole quotidiane di Cognata, 1.618 hanno un’affine in catalano: la stessa parola, rimodellata da secoli di parlato. Parti da quelle, impara i cambiamenti regolari che legano le due lingue e tieni d’occhio i falsi amici.
- hanno la stessa origine
- 71%
- ereditate da entrambe
- 27%
- da imparare da zero
- 29%
2.264 parole a confronto
Parole che conosci già
Parole quotidiane le cui forme in catalano e in francese vengono dalla stessa origine.
Le leggi fonetiche tra le due
Cambiamenti regolari che trasformano una parola in catalano nella sua affine in francese: imparane uno e vale per centinaia di parole.
- Stressed short E breaks into iee [ɛ] (no diphthong); i next to a palatal (llit)ie, i (open syllable); e (closed)PETRAMpedrapierre
- Stressed short O breaks into ue / uo / euo [ɔ] (no diphthong)eu, œu (open syllable); o (closed)NOVUMnouneuf
- French stressed free A becomes ea (kept)e, è, é; ie after a palatal (chien)MAREmarmer
- French fronts long U to [y]u [u] (kept)u [y]LŪNAMllunalune
- AU becomes ooo (spelled o or au)AURUMoror
- French vowel + nasal becomes a nasal voweloral vowel; final n after the stress lost (pa, vi)nasal vowel (ɑ̃ ɔ̃ ɛ̃); n/m silentPĀNEMpapain
- Spanish initial F- becomes h- (silent)f- keptf- keptFĪLIUM (fr. from nom. FĪLIUS)fillfils
- Voiceless stops between vowels softenb (v) d g; p t c again at the end of a word (amic, agut)v; t, c lostVĪTAMvidavie
- C before E and Is (c, ç); between vowels lost, or u at the end (veí, deu)s (c, ç)CAELUMcelciel
- French CA becomes chaca keptcha, che, chie [ʃ]CABALLUMcavallcheval
- Initial I- (J-) and G before E, Ij, g [ʒ]j, g [ʒ]IOCUMjocjeu
- B and V merge in Spanishmerged as in Spanish (Central Catalan); v kept in Balearic and parts of Valenciav kept; B between vowels → vVĪNUMvivin
- Germanic W- becomes gu- / g-gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)g(u)- [g]Germanic *WERRAguerraguerre
- L before a consonant becomes ul kept (altre, falç)l → u, fused with the vowel: au [o], ou [u], eauALTERUMaltreautre
- CTit, t (the i absorbed by the vowel: nit, fet)it (i + t)NOCTEMnitnuit
- L + yodll [ʎ]il, ill [j]FOLIAMfullafeuille
- C'L inside a wordll [ʎ]il, ill [j]OCULUMullœil
- CL-, PL-, FL- at the start of a wordcl- pl- fl- (kept)cl- pl- fl- (kept)CLĀVEMclauclé
- NN, GN and N + yodny [ɲ], also from NN (any)gn [ɲ]; NN → n (nasal vowel at the end)ANNUManyan
- S + consonant at the start of a wordes-é- (from es-, s lost)STELLAMestrellaétoile
- French loses S before a consonant (^)s kepts lost; often marked ^ (ê â ô î û)FESTAMfestafête
- Italian assimilates clusterssimplified: pt → t, mn → n; x → ix [ʃ]simplified or lost: pt → t; x → sSEPTEMsetsept
- Final vowelsdropped except -a (said [ə]); -e kept after clustersdropped; -A → mute -eLUPUMlloploup
- Plurals: -s or -i-s, -es (from the accusative)-s, -x (written, mostly silent; from the accusative)LUPŌS (acc.) / LUPĪ (nom.)llopsloups
- -TĀTEM: -dad, -té, -tà-tat-téCĪVITĀTEMciutatcité
- -TIŌNEM: learned -ción, inherited -zón-ció (learned); inherited -ó (raó, tió)-tion (learned); inherited -sonRATIŌNEMraóraison
- -ĀRIUM: -ero, -ier, -aio-er, -era-ier, -ièreCABALLĀRIUMcavallerchevalier
- Adverbs in -mente / -ment-ment-mentCLĀRĀ MENTEclaramentclairement
- Single L between vowels: lost in Portuguese, r in Romanianl keptl keptFĪLUMfilfil
- Portuguese loses single N between vowelsn kept; lost where it became final (mà; see final-n)n kept between vowels; at the end, a nasal vowelLĀNAMllanalaine
- Romanian turns velars into labialsit/t, ix [ʃ], ny; qu, guit, iss, gn; qu (velar kept, palatalized or lost)OCTŌvuithuit
- Romanian T, D, S before i become ț, z, șt, d, s keptt, d, s keptDĪCEREdirdire
- Catalan drops -n at the end of a wordlost (pa, vi); back in the plural (pans, vins)n silent, vowel nasal (pain, vin)PĀNEMpapain
Falsi amici da tenere d’occhio
voler (Catalano) significa “to want” · voler (Francese) significa “to fly; to steal”
Coincidence. Catalan voler is spoken Latin *VOLĒRE (for VELLE 'to want'), the source of French vouloir; French voler is VOLĀRE 'to fly', and 'to steal' came from the falconer's bird flying off with its prey.
Parole da imparare da zero
Parole comuni in cui il francese ha fatto di testa sua.