Il francese per chi parla italiano
Sai già più francese di quanto pensi. Delle 2.264 parole quotidiane di Cognata, 1.708 hanno un’affine in italiano: la stessa parola, rimodellata da secoli di parlato. Parti da quelle, impara i cambiamenti regolari che legano le due lingue e tieni d’occhio i falsi amici.
- hanno la stessa origine
- 75%
- ereditate da entrambe
- 30%
- da imparare da zero
- 25%
2.264 parole a confronto
Parole che conosci già
Parole quotidiane le cui forme in italiano e in francese vengono dalla stessa origine.
Le leggi fonetiche tra le due
Cambiamenti regolari che trasformano una parola in italiano nella sua affine in francese: imparane uno e vale per centinaia di parole.
- Stressed short E breaks into ieie (open syllable); e (closed)ie, i (open syllable); e (closed)PETRAMpietrapierre
- Stressed short O breaks into ue / uo / euuo (open syllable); o (closed)eu, œu (open syllable); o (closed)NOVUMnuovoneuf
- French stressed free A becomes ea (kept)e, è, é; ie after a palatal (chien)MAREmaremer
- French fronts long U to [y]u [u] (kept)u [y]LŪNAMlunalune
- AU becomes ooo (spelled o or au)AURUMoroor
- French vowel + nasal becomes a nasal vowelvowel + n keptnasal vowel (ɑ̃ ɔ̃ ɛ̃); n/m silentPĀNEMpanepain
- Spanish initial F- becomes h- (silent)f- keptf- keptFĪLIUM (fr. from nom. FĪLIUS)figliofils
- Voiceless stops between vowels softenmostly kept (p t c)v; t, c lostVĪTAMvitavie
- C before E and Itʃ (c)s (c, ç)CAELUMcielociel
- French CA becomes chaca keptcha, che, chie [ʃ]CABALLUMcavallocheval
- Initial I- (J-) and G before E, Igi, g [dʒ]j, g [ʒ]IOCUMgiocojeu
- B and V merge in Spanishv kept; B between vowels → vv kept; B between vowels → vVĪNUMvinovin
- Germanic W- becomes gu- / g-gu- [gw]g(u)- [g]Germanic *WERRAguerraguerre
- L before a consonant becomes ul kept (altro, caldo)l → u, fused with the vowel: au [o], ou [u], eauALTERUMaltroautre
- CTttit (i + t)NOCTEMnottenuit
- L + yodgli [ʎʎ]il, ill [j]FOLIAMfogliafeuille
- C'L inside a wordcchi [kkj]il, ill [j]OCULUMocchioœil
- CL-, PL-, FL- at the start of a wordchi- pi- fi-cl- pl- fl- (kept)CLĀVEMchiaveclé
- NN, GN and N + yodnn kept; GN, NI → gn [ɲɲ]gn [ɲ]; NN → n (nasal vowel at the end)ANNUMannoan
- S + consonant at the start of a words- (kept; takes lo, gli)é- (from es-, s lost)STELLAMstellaétoile
- French loses S before a consonant (^)s kepts lost; often marked ^ (ê â ô î û)FESTAMfestafête
- Italian assimilates clustersassimilated: tt, ss, ss, nnsimplified or lost: pt → t; x → sSEPTEMsettesept
- Final vowels-o, -a, -e keptdropped; -A → mute -eLUPUMlupoloup
- Plurals: -s or -i-i, -e (from the nominative)-s, -x (written, mostly silent; from the accusative)LUPŌS (acc.) / LUPĪ (nom.)lupiloups
- -TĀTEM: -dad, -té, -tà-tà-téCĪVITĀTEMcittàcité
- -TIŌNEM: learned -ción, inherited -zón-zione (learned); inherited -zzone or -gione-tion (learned); inherited -sonRATIŌNEMragioneraison
- -ĀRIUM: -ero, -ier, -aio-aio, -aia (Tuscan); also -aro, -iere-ier, -ièreCABALLĀRIUMcavalierechevalier
- Adverbs in -mente / -ment-mente-mentCLĀRĀ MENTEchiaramenteclairement
- Single L between vowels: lost in Portuguese, r in Romanianl keptl keptFĪLUMfilofil
- Portuguese loses single N between vowelsn keptn kept between vowels; at the end, a nasal vowelLĀNAMlanalaine
- Romanian turns velars into labialstt, ss, gn; qu, gu (assimilated or kept)it, iss, gn; qu (velar kept, palatalized or lost)OCTŌottohuit
- Romanian T, D, S before i become ț, z, șt, d, s keptt, d, s keptDĪCEREdiredire
- Catalan drops -n at the end of a wordn kept, final vowel kept (pane, vino)n silent, vowel nasal (pain, vin)PĀNEMpanepain
Falsi amici da tenere d’occhio
fermare (Italiano) significa “to stop” · fermer (Francese) significa “to close, shut”
Both from Latin FIRMĀRE 'to make firm, fix'. Italian holds something still; French makes it fast. Spanish firmar went a third way: 'to sign'.
presto (Italiano) significa “soon, early” · prêt (Francese) significa “ready”
Both from Latin PRAESTŌ 'at hand' (Late Latin adjective PRAESTUS). French kept 'ready'; Italian 'right away' → 'soon'. The two languages crossed with pronto.
magasin (Francese) significa “shop” · magazzino (Italiano) significa “warehouse”
Both from Arabic makhāzin 'storehouses', which entered Romance through Italian; French magasin moved from 'storehouse' to 'shop'. Spanish almacén took the Arabic directly, article and all.
Parole da imparare da zero
Parole comuni in cui il francese ha fatto di testa sua.