Il catalano per chi parla francese
Sai già più catalano di quanto pensi. Delle 2.264 parole quotidiane di Cognata, 1.618 hanno un’affine in francese: la stessa parola, rimodellata da secoli di parlato. Parti da quelle, impara i cambiamenti regolari che legano le due lingue e tieni d’occhio i falsi amici.
- hanno la stessa origine
- 71%
- ereditate da entrambe
- 27%
- da imparare da zero
- 29%
2.264 parole a confronto
Parole che conosci già
Parole quotidiane le cui forme in francese e in catalano vengono dalla stessa origine.
Le leggi fonetiche tra le due
Cambiamenti regolari che trasformano una parola in francese nella sua affine in catalano: imparane uno e vale per centinaia di parole.
- Stressed short E breaks into ieie, i (open syllable); e (closed)e [ɛ] (no diphthong); i next to a palatal (llit)PETRAMpierrepedra
- Stressed short O breaks into ue / uo / eueu, œu (open syllable); o (closed)o [ɔ] (no diphthong)NOVUMneufnou
- French stressed free A becomes ee, è, é; ie after a palatal (chien)a (kept)MAREmermar
- French fronts long U to [y]u [y]u [u] (kept)LŪNAMlunelluna
- AU becomes oo (spelled o or au)oAURUMoror
- French vowel + nasal becomes a nasal vowelnasal vowel (ɑ̃ ɔ̃ ɛ̃); n/m silentoral vowel; final n after the stress lost (pa, vi)PĀNEMpainpa
- Spanish initial F- becomes h- (silent)f- keptf- keptFĪLIUM (fr. from nom. FĪLIUS)filsfill
- Voiceless stops between vowels softenv; t, c lostb (v) d g; p t c again at the end of a word (amic, agut)VĪTAMvievida
- C before E and Is (c, ç)s (c, ç); between vowels lost, or u at the end (veí, deu)CAELUMcielcel
- French CA becomes chacha, che, chie [ʃ]ca keptCABALLUMchevalcavall
- Initial I- (J-) and G before E, Ij, g [ʒ]j, g [ʒ]IOCUMjeujoc
- B and V merge in Spanishv kept; B between vowels → vmerged as in Spanish (Central Catalan); v kept in Balearic and parts of ValenciaVĪNUMvinvi
- Germanic W- becomes gu- / g-g(u)- [g]gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)Germanic *WERRAguerreguerra
- L before a consonant becomes ul → u, fused with the vowel: au [o], ou [u], eaul kept (altre, falç)ALTERUMautrealtre
- CTit (i + t)it, t (the i absorbed by the vowel: nit, fet)NOCTEMnuitnit
- L + yodil, ill [j]ll [ʎ]FOLIAMfeuillefulla
- C'L inside a wordil, ill [j]ll [ʎ]OCULUMœilull
- CL-, PL-, FL- at the start of a wordcl- pl- fl- (kept)cl- pl- fl- (kept)CLĀVEMcléclau
- NN, GN and N + yodgn [ɲ]; NN → n (nasal vowel at the end)ny [ɲ], also from NN (any)ANNUManany
- S + consonant at the start of a wordé- (from es-, s lost)es-STELLAMétoileestrella
- French loses S before a consonant (^)s lost; often marked ^ (ê â ô î û)s keptFESTAMfêtefesta
- Italian assimilates clusterssimplified or lost: pt → t; x → ssimplified: pt → t, mn → n; x → ix [ʃ]SEPTEMseptset
- Final vowelsdropped; -A → mute -edropped except -a (said [ə]); -e kept after clustersLUPUMloupllop
- Plurals: -s or -i-s, -x (written, mostly silent; from the accusative)-s, -es (from the accusative)LUPŌS (acc.) / LUPĪ (nom.)loupsllops
- -TĀTEM: -dad, -té, -tà-té-tatCĪVITĀTEMcitéciutat
- -TIŌNEM: learned -ción, inherited -zón-tion (learned); inherited -son-ció (learned); inherited -ó (raó, tió)RATIŌNEMraisonraó
- -ĀRIUM: -ero, -ier, -aio-ier, -ière-er, -eraCABALLĀRIUMchevaliercavaller
- Adverbs in -mente / -ment-ment-mentCLĀRĀ MENTEclairementclarament
- Single L between vowels: lost in Portuguese, r in Romanianl keptl keptFĪLUMfilfil
- Portuguese loses single N between vowelsn kept between vowels; at the end, a nasal voweln kept; lost where it became final (mà; see final-n)LĀNAMlainellana
- Romanian turns velars into labialsit, iss, gn; qu (velar kept, palatalized or lost)it/t, ix [ʃ], ny; qu, guOCTŌhuitvuit
- Romanian T, D, S before i become ț, z, șt, d, s keptt, d, s keptDĪCEREdiredir
- Catalan drops -n at the end of a wordn silent, vowel nasal (pain, vin)lost (pa, vi); back in the plural (pans, vins)PĀNEMpainpa
Falsi amici da tenere d’occhio
voler (Catalano) significa “to want” · voler (Francese) significa “to fly; to steal”
Coincidence. Catalan voler is spoken Latin *VOLĒRE (for VELLE 'to want'), the source of French vouloir; French voler is VOLĀRE 'to fly', and 'to steal' came from the falconer's bird flying off with its prey.
Parole da imparare da zero
Parole comuni in cui il catalano ha fatto di testa sua.