Francès per a qui parla portuguès
Ja saps més francès del que et penses. De les 2.264 paraules quotidianes de Cognata, 1.528 tenen un cognat en portuguès: la mateixa paraula, remodelada per segles de parla. Comença per aquestes, aprèn els canvis regulars que uneixen les dues llengües i no perdis de vista els falsos amics.
Fixa la teva combinació en portuguès → francès i obre els cognats.
- comparteixen origen
- 67 %
- heretades a totes dues bandes
- 23 %
- per aprendre de zero
- 33 %
2.264 paraules comparades
Paraules que ja coneixes
Paraules quotidianes les formes de les quals en portuguès i en francès venen del mateix origen.
Les lleis fonètiques entre totes dues
Canvis regulars que converteixen una paraula en portuguès en el seu cognat en francès: aprèn-ne un i et servirà per a centenars de paraules.
- Stressed short E breaks into iee [ɛ] (no diphthong)ie, i (open syllable); e (closed)PETRAMpedrapierre
- Stressed short O breaks into ue / uo / euo [ɔ] (no diphthong)eu, œu (open syllable); o (closed)NOVUMnovoneuf
- French stressed free A becomes ea (kept)e, è, é; ie after a palatal (chien)MAREmarmer
- French fronts long U to [y]u [u] (kept)u [y]LŪNAMlualune
- AU becomes oou (said [o] in Brazil)o (spelled o or au)AURUMouroor
- French vowel + nasal becomes a nasal vowelnasal vowel or diphthong too (pão, bom, fim)nasal vowel (ɑ̃ ɔ̃ ɛ̃); n/m silentPĀNEMpãopain
- Spanish initial F- becomes h- (silent)f- keptf- keptFĪLIUM (fr. from nom. FĪLIUS)filhofils
- Voiceless stops between vowels softenb (v) d gv; t, c lostVĪTAMvidavie
- C before E and Is (c, ç); z [z] between vowelss (c, ç)CAELUMcéuciel
- French CA becomes chaca keptcha, che, chie [ʃ]CABALLUMcavalocheval
- Initial I- (J-) and G before E, Ij, g [ʒ]j, g [ʒ]IOCUMjogojeu
- B and V merge in Spanishv kept; B between vowels → vv kept; B between vowels → vVĪNUMvinhovin
- Germanic W- becomes gu- / g-gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)g(u)- [g]Germanic *WERRAguerraguerre
- L before a consonant becomes ual → ou, oi in some words (outro, foice); written l elsewhere, said [w] in Brazill → u, fused with the vowel: au [o], ou [u], eauALTERUMoutroautre
- CTit (i + t)it (i + t)NOCTEMnoitenuit
- L + yodlh [ʎ]il, ill [j]FOLIAMfolhafeuille
- C'L inside a wordlh [ʎ]il, ill [j]OCULUMolhoœil
- CL-, PL-, FL- at the start of a wordch- [ʃ]cl- pl- fl- (kept)CLĀVEMchaveclé
- NN, GN and N + yodnh [ɲ]; NN → ngn [ɲ]; NN → n (nasal vowel at the end)ANNUManoan
- S + consonant at the start of a wordes-é- (from es-, s lost)STELLAMestrelaétoile
- French loses S before a consonant (^)s kepts lost; often marked ^ (ê â ô î û)FESTAMfestafête
- Italian assimilates clusterssimplified: pt → t, mn → n; x → ss or ix [jʃ]simplified or lost: pt → t; x → sSEPTEMsetesept
- Final vowels-o, -a, -e kept (said [u], [ɐ], [i]); -e dropped after a single r, l, s, z, ndropped; -A → mute -eLUPUMloboloup
- Plurals: -s or -i-s, -es (from the accusative)-s, -x (written, mostly silent; from the accusative)LUPŌS (acc.) / LUPĪ (nom.)lobosloups
- -TĀTEM: -dad, -té, -tà-dade (-tade after a consonant)-téCĪVITĀTEMcidadecité
- -TIŌNEM: learned -ción, inherited -zón-ção (learned and inherited alike: nação, razão)-tion (learned); inherited -sonRATIŌNEMrazãoraison
- -ĀRIUM: -ero, -ier, -aio-eiro, -eira-ier, -ièreCABALLĀRIUMcavaleirochevalier
- Adverbs in -mente / -ment-mente-mentCLĀRĀ MENTEclaramenteclairement
- Single L between vowels: lost in Portuguese, r in Romanianlost (céu, fio, cor)l keptFĪLUMfiofil
- Portuguese loses single N between vowelslost, nasalizing the vowel (lã, mão); later often oral (lua, boa) or nh (vinho)n kept between vowels; at the end, a nasal vowelLĀNAMlãlaine
- Romanian turns velars into labialsit, x [ʃ], nh; qu, guit, iss, gn; qu (velar kept, palatalized or lost)OCTŌoitohuit
- Romanian T, D, S before i become ț, z, șkept; t, d said [tʃ], [dʒ] before i in Brazil (dia)t, d, s keptDĪCEREdizerdire
- Catalan drops -n at the end of a wordnasal vowel or diphthong (pão, vinho, bom)n silent, vowel nasal (pain, vin)PĀNEMpãopain
Falsos amics a vigilar
Encara no hi ha paranys clàssics entre aquestes dues llengües a Cognata, però cada pàgina de paraula assenyala els que coneix.
Paraules per aprendre de zero
Paraules comunes en què el francès ha seguit el seu propi camí.