Francès per a qui parla espanyol
Ja saps més francès del que et penses. De les 2.264 paraules quotidianes de Cognata, 1.592 tenen un cognat en espanyol: la mateixa paraula, remodelada per segles de parla. Comença per aquestes, aprèn els canvis regulars que uneixen les dues llengües i no perdis de vista els falsos amics.
- comparteixen origen
- 70 %
- heretades a totes dues bandes
- 24 %
- per aprendre de zero
- 30 %
2.264 paraules comparades
Paraules que ja coneixes
Paraules quotidianes les formes de les quals en espanyol i en francès venen del mateix origen.
Les lleis fonètiques entre totes dues
Canvis regulars que converteixen una paraula en espanyol en el seu cognat en francès: aprèn-ne un i et servirà per a centenars de paraules.
- Stressed short E breaks into ieie (open and closed syllables)ie, i (open syllable); e (closed)PETRAMpiedrapierre
- Stressed short O breaks into ue / uo / euue (open and closed syllables)eu, œu (open syllable); o (closed)NOVUMnuevoneuf
- French stressed free A becomes ea (kept)e, è, é; ie after a palatal (chien)MAREmarmer
- French fronts long U to [y]u [u] (kept)u [y]LŪNAMlunalune
- AU becomes ooo (spelled o or au)AURUMoroor
- French vowel + nasal becomes a nasal vowelvowel + n keptnasal vowel (ɑ̃ ɔ̃ ɛ̃); n/m silentPĀNEMpanpain
- Spanish initial F- becomes h- (silent)h- (silent); f- kept before ue and rf- keptFĪLIUM (fr. from nom. FĪLIUS)hijofils
- Voiceless stops between vowels softenb d gv; t, c lostVĪTAMvidavie
- C before E and Iθ (c, z); s where there is seseos (c, ç)CAELUMcielociel
- French CA becomes chaca keptcha, che, chie [ʃ]CABALLUMcaballocheval
- Initial I- (J-) and G before E, Ij [x] before a back vowel; y-, h- or nothing before ej, g [ʒ]IOCUMjuegojeu
- B and V merge in Spanishone sound: b, v = [b] (soft [β] between vowels)v kept; B between vowels → vVĪNUMvinovin
- Germanic W- becomes gu- / g-gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)g(u)- [g]Germanic *WERRAguerraguerre
- L before a consonant becomes ual → o (otro); ult → uch (mucho); often keptl → u, fused with the vowel: au [o], ou [u], eauALTERUMotroautre
- CTch [tʃ]it (i + t)NOCTEMnochenuit
- L + yodj [x]il, ill [j]FOLIAMhojafeuille
- C'L inside a wordj [x]il, ill [j]OCULUMojoœil
- CL-, PL-, FL- at the start of a wordll- (often)cl- pl- fl- (kept)CLĀVEMllaveclé
- NN, GN and N + yodñ [ɲ]gn [ɲ]; NN → n (nasal vowel at the end)ANNUMañoan
- S + consonant at the start of a wordes-é- (from es-, s lost)STELLAMestrellaétoile
- French loses S before a consonant (^)s kepts lost; often marked ^ (ê â ô î û)FESTAMfiestafête
- Italian assimilates clusterssimplified: pt → t; mn → ñ; x → j [x] or ssimplified or lost: pt → t; x → sSEPTEMsietesept
- Final vowels-o, -a, -e kept; -e dropped after a single r, l, n, s, d, zdropped; -A → mute -eLUPUMloboloup
- Plurals: -s or -i-s, -es (from the accusative)-s, -x (written, mostly silent; from the accusative)LUPŌS (acc.) / LUPĪ (nom.)lobosloups
- -TĀTEM: -dad, -té, -tà-dad (-tad in some words after a consonant)-téCĪVITĀTEMciudadcité
- -TIŌNEM: learned -ción, inherited -zón-ción (learned); inherited -zón-tion (learned); inherited -sonRATIŌNEMrazónraison
- -ĀRIUM: -ero, -ier, -aio-ero, -era-ier, -ièreCABALLĀRIUMcaballerochevalier
- Adverbs in -mente / -ment-mente-mentCLĀRĀ MENTEclaramenteclairement
- Single L between vowels: lost in Portuguese, r in Romanianl keptl keptFĪLUMhilofil
- Portuguese loses single N between vowelsn keptn kept between vowels; at the end, a nasal vowelLĀNAMlanalaine
- Romanian turns velars into labialsch, j, ñ; cu, gu (velar kept or palatalized)it, iss, gn; qu (velar kept, palatalized or lost)OCTŌochohuit
- Romanian T, D, S before i become ț, z, șt, d, s keptt, d, s keptDĪCEREdecirdire
- Catalan drops -n at the end of a wordn kept (pan, vino)n silent, vowel nasal (pain, vin)PĀNEMpanpain
Falsos amics a vigilar
large (Francès) vol dir «wide» · largo (Espanyol) vol dir «long»
Same Latin LARGUM 'abundant'. French large is 'wide' (and English large 'big' came from it); Spanish largo is 'long'.
salir (Espanyol) vol dir «to go out, leave» · salir (Francès) vol dir «to make dirty»
Coincidence. Spanish salir is Latin SALĪRE 'to jump'; French salir comes from sale 'dirty', of Frankish origin (*salo 'murky').
attendre (Francès) vol dir «to wait (for)» · atender (Espanyol) vol dir «to attend to, serve»
Both from Latin ATTENDERE 'to stretch toward, pay attention'. French went from 'paying attention to' to 'waiting for'; Spanish kept the attention.
rester (Francès) vol dir «to stay» · restar (Espanyol) vol dir «to subtract»
Both from Latin RESTĀRE 'to stay behind, remain'. Spanish restar went from 'what remains' to 'take away' (lo que resta still means 'what is left').
quitter (Francès) vol dir «to leave (a place, a person)» · quitar (Espanyol) vol dir «to remove, take off»
Both from Medieval Latin QUIĒTĀRE 'to set free (of a debt)', from QUIĒTUS 'at rest'. French frees itself of a place; Spanish frees something from its place.
entendre (Francès) vol dir «to hear» · entender (Espanyol) vol dir «to understand»
Both from Latin INTENDERE 'to direct (the mind) toward'. French shifted to hearing, keeping 'understand' only in phrases (laisser entendre, bien entendu); Spanish kept understanding.
ropa (Espanyol) vol dir «clothes» · robe (Francès) vol dir «dress»
Both from Germanic *rauba 'booty, spoils' — clothes being what was stripped from the defeated (Spanish robar 'to steal' is the same root). Spanish generalized it; French narrowed it to one garment.
demander (Francès) vol dir «to ask (for)» · demandar (Espanyol) vol dir «to sue; to demand»
Both from Latin DĒMANDĀRE 'to entrust'. French softened it to ordinary asking (as did Italian domandare); Spanish kept the legal claim.
nombre (Espanyol) vol dir «name» · nombre (Francès) vol dir «number»
Two Latin words that converged: Spanish nombre is NŌMEN 'name', from its oblique stem NŌMINE (m'n → mbr), French nombre is NUMERUM 'number' (m'r → mbr).
user (Francès) vol dir «to wear out» · usar (Espanyol) vol dir «to use»
Both from spoken Latin *ŪSĀRE, built on ŪSUS 'use'. French narrowed it to using something up (user ses chaussures); user de 'to make use of' survives only in formal French.
envie (Francès) vol dir «desire, urge (avoir envie de: to want)» · envidia (Espanyol) vol dir «envy»
Both from Latin INVIDIAM 'envy'. French envie still can mean envy, but its everyday use is 'wanting'; j'ai envie de café is 'I feel like a coffee', not jealousy.
crier (Francès) vol dir «to shout» · criar (Espanyol) vol dir «to raise, bring up»
Coincidence. French crier comes from spoken Latin *CRĪTĀRE (classical QUIRĪTĀRE 'to cry out') — the source of Spanish gritar too; Spanish criar is CREĀRE 'to create, beget'.
Paraules per aprendre de zero
Paraules comunes en què el francès ha seguit el seu propi camí.