Portuguès per a qui parla italià
Ja saps més portuguès del que et penses. De les 2.264 paraules quotidianes de Cognata, 1.637 tenen un cognat en italià: la mateixa paraula, remodelada per segles de parla. Comença per aquestes, aprèn els canvis regulars que uneixen les dues llengües i no perdis de vista els falsos amics.
Fixa la teva combinació en italià → portuguès i obre els cognats.
- comparteixen origen
- 72 %
- heretades a totes dues bandes
- 26 %
- per aprendre de zero
- 28 %
2.264 paraules comparades
Paraules que ja coneixes
Paraules quotidianes les formes de les quals en italià i en portuguès venen del mateix origen.
Les lleis fonètiques entre totes dues
Canvis regulars que converteixen una paraula en italià en el seu cognat en portuguès: aprèn-ne un i et servirà per a centenars de paraules.
- Stressed short E breaks into ieie (open syllable); e (closed)e [ɛ] (no diphthong)PETRAMpietrapedra
- Stressed short O breaks into ue / uo / euuo (open syllable); o (closed)o [ɔ] (no diphthong)NOVUMnuovonovo
- French stressed free A becomes ea (kept)a (kept)MAREmaremar
- French fronts long U to [y]u [u] (kept)u [u] (kept)LŪNAMlunalua
- AU becomes ooou (said [o] in Brazil)AURUMoroouro
- French vowel + nasal becomes a nasal vowelvowel + n keptnasal vowel or diphthong too (pão, bom, fim)PĀNEMpanepão
- Spanish initial F- becomes h- (silent)f- keptf- keptFĪLIUM (fr. from nom. FĪLIUS)figliofilho
- Voiceless stops between vowels softenmostly kept (p t c)b (v) d gVĪTAMvitavida
- C before E and Itʃ (c)s (c, ç); z [z] between vowelsCAELUMcielocéu
- French CA becomes chaca keptca keptCABALLUMcavallocavalo
- Initial I- (J-) and G before E, Igi, g [dʒ]j, g [ʒ]IOCUMgiocojogo
- B and V merge in Spanishv kept; B between vowels → vv kept; B between vowels → vVĪNUMvinovinho
- Germanic W- becomes gu- / g-gu- [gw]gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)Germanic *WERRAguerraguerra
- L before a consonant becomes ul kept (altro, caldo)al → ou, oi in some words (outro, foice); written l elsewhere, said [w] in BrazilALTERUMaltrooutro
- CTttit (i + t)NOCTEMnottenoite
- L + yodgli [ʎʎ]lh [ʎ]FOLIAMfogliafolha
- C'L inside a wordcchi [kkj]lh [ʎ]OCULUMocchioolho
- CL-, PL-, FL- at the start of a wordchi- pi- fi-ch- [ʃ]CLĀVEMchiavechave
- NN, GN and N + yodnn kept; GN, NI → gn [ɲɲ]nh [ɲ]; NN → nANNUMannoano
- S + consonant at the start of a words- (kept; takes lo, gli)es-STELLAMstellaestrela
- French loses S before a consonant (^)s kepts keptFESTAMfestafesta
- Italian assimilates clustersassimilated: tt, ss, ss, nnsimplified: pt → t, mn → n; x → ss or ix [jʃ]SEPTEMsettesete
- Final vowels-o, -a, -e kept-o, -a, -e kept (said [u], [ɐ], [i]); -e dropped after a single r, l, s, z, nLUPUMlupolobo
- Plurals: -s or -i-i, -e (from the nominative)-s, -es (from the accusative)LUPŌS (acc.) / LUPĪ (nom.)lupilobos
- -TĀTEM: -dad, -té, -tà-tà-dade (-tade after a consonant)CĪVITĀTEMcittàcidade
- -TIŌNEM: learned -ción, inherited -zón-zione (learned); inherited -zzone or -gione-ção (learned and inherited alike: nação, razão)RATIŌNEMragionerazão
- -ĀRIUM: -ero, -ier, -aio-aio, -aia (Tuscan); also -aro, -iere-eiro, -eiraCABALLĀRIUMcavalierecavaleiro
- Adverbs in -mente / -ment-mente-menteCLĀRĀ MENTEchiaramenteclaramente
- Single L between vowels: lost in Portuguese, r in Romanianl keptlost (céu, fio, cor)FĪLUMfilofio
- Portuguese loses single N between vowelsn keptlost, nasalizing the vowel (lã, mão); later often oral (lua, boa) or nh (vinho)LĀNAMlanalã
- Romanian turns velars into labialstt, ss, gn; qu, gu (assimilated or kept)it, x [ʃ], nh; qu, guOCTŌottooito
- Romanian T, D, S before i become ț, z, șt, d, s keptkept; t, d said [tʃ], [dʒ] before i in Brazil (dia)DĪCEREdiredizer
- Catalan drops -n at the end of a wordn kept, final vowel kept (pane, vino)nasal vowel or diphthong (pão, vinho, bom)PĀNEMpanepão
Falsos amics a vigilar
Encara no hi ha paranys clàssics entre aquestes dues llengües a Cognata, però cada pàgina de paraula assenyala els que coneix.
Paraules per aprendre de zero
Paraules comunes en què el portuguès ha seguit el seu propi camí.