L’espagnol pour qui parle catalan
Vous en savez déjà plus que vous ne le pensez. Sur les 2 264 mots courants de Cognata, 1 743 ont un équivalent apparenté en catalan : le même mot, remodelé par des siècles de parole. Partez de ceux-là, apprenez les changements réguliers qui relient les deux langues et gardez les faux amis à l’œil.
- ont une même source
- 77 %
- hérités des deux côtés
- 27 %
- à apprendre tels quels
- 23 %
2 264 mots comparés
Les mots que vous connaissez déjà
Des mots courants dont les formes en catalan et en espagnol viennent de la même source.
Les lois phonétiques entre les deux
Des changements réguliers qui transforment un mot en catalan en son équivalent en espagnol : apprenez-en un, il sert pour des centaines de mots.
- Stressed short E breaks into iee [ɛ] (no diphthong); i next to a palatal (llit)ie (open and closed syllables)PETRAMpedrapiedra
- Stressed short O breaks into ue / uo / euo [ɔ] (no diphthong)ue (open and closed syllables)NOVUMnounuevo
- French stressed free A becomes ea (kept)a (kept)MAREmarmar
- French fronts long U to [y]u [u] (kept)u [u] (kept)LŪNAMllunaluna
- AU becomes oooAURUMororo
- French vowel + nasal becomes a nasal voweloral vowel; final n after the stress lost (pa, vi)vowel + n keptPĀNEMpapan
- Spanish initial F- becomes h- (silent)f- kepth- (silent); f- kept before ue and rFĪLIUM (fr. from nom. FĪLIUS)fillhijo
- Voiceless stops between vowels softenb (v) d g; p t c again at the end of a word (amic, agut)b d gVĪTAMvidavida
- C before E and Is (c, ç); between vowels lost, or u at the end (veí, deu)θ (c, z); s where there is seseoCAELUMcelcielo
- French CA becomes chaca keptca keptCABALLUMcavallcaballo
- Initial I- (J-) and G before E, Ij, g [ʒ]j [x] before a back vowel; y-, h- or nothing before eIOCUMjocjuego
- B and V merge in Spanishmerged as in Spanish (Central Catalan); v kept in Balearic and parts of Valenciaone sound: b, v = [b] (soft [β] between vowels)VĪNUMvivino
- Germanic W- becomes gu- / g-gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)Germanic *WERRAguerraguerra
- L before a consonant becomes ul kept (altre, falç)al → o (otro); ult → uch (mucho); often keptALTERUMaltreotro
- CTit, t (the i absorbed by the vowel: nit, fet)ch [tʃ]NOCTEMnitnoche
- L + yodll [ʎ]j [x]FOLIAMfullahoja
- C'L inside a wordll [ʎ]j [x]OCULUMullojo
- CL-, PL-, FL- at the start of a wordcl- pl- fl- (kept)ll- (often)CLĀVEMclaullave
- NN, GN and N + yodny [ɲ], also from NN (any)ñ [ɲ]ANNUManyaño
- S + consonant at the start of a wordes-es-STELLAMestrellaestrella
- French loses S before a consonant (^)s kepts keptFESTAMfestafiesta
- Italian assimilates clusterssimplified: pt → t, mn → n; x → ix [ʃ]simplified: pt → t; mn → ñ; x → j [x] or sSEPTEMsetsiete
- Final vowelsdropped except -a (said [ə]); -e kept after clusters-o, -a, -e kept; -e dropped after a single r, l, n, s, d, zLUPUMlloplobo
- Plurals: -s or -i-s, -es (from the accusative)-s, -es (from the accusative)LUPŌS (acc.) / LUPĪ (nom.)llopslobos
- -TĀTEM: -dad, -té, -tà-tat-dad (-tad in some words after a consonant)CĪVITĀTEMciutatciudad
- -TIŌNEM: learned -ción, inherited -zón-ció (learned); inherited -ó (raó, tió)-ción (learned); inherited -zónRATIŌNEMraórazón
- -ĀRIUM: -ero, -ier, -aio-er, -era-ero, -eraCABALLĀRIUMcavallercaballero
- Adverbs in -mente / -ment-ment-menteCLĀRĀ MENTEclaramentclaramente
- Single L between vowels: lost in Portuguese, r in Romanianl keptl keptFĪLUMfilhilo
- Portuguese loses single N between vowelsn kept; lost where it became final (mà; see final-n)n keptLĀNAMllanalana
- Romanian turns velars into labialsit/t, ix [ʃ], ny; qu, guch, j, ñ; cu, gu (velar kept or palatalized)OCTŌvuitocho
- Romanian T, D, S before i become ț, z, șt, d, s keptt, d, s keptDĪCEREdirdecir
- Catalan drops -n at the end of a wordlost (pa, vi); back in the plural (pans, vins)n kept (pan, vino)PĀNEMpapan
Les faux amis à surveiller
llevar (Catalan) signifie « to remove, take off; (llevar-se) to get up » · llevar (Espagnol) signifie « to carry, take; to wear »
Both from Latin LEVĀRE 'to lift'. Spanish lifts and carries; Catalan lifts away (lleva't la jaqueta 'take your jacket off') or lifts itself, like French se lever. Catalan carries with portar.
pujar (Catalan) signifie « to go up, climb; to raise » · pujar (Espagnol) signifie « to bid; to strain, push hard »
Catalan pujar is generally derived from spoken Latin *PODIĀRE 'to climb' (PODIUM). Spanish pujar is usually linked to it, perhaps through 'raising' a price, though the details are debated. In Barcelona, puja is 'come up'.
cama (Catalan) signifie « leg » · cama (Espagnol) signifie « bed »
Coincidence. Catalan cama is Late Latin CAMBA 'hock, leg' (the source of Italian gamba and French jambe); Spanish and Portuguese cama 'bed' is a Late Latin word of Hispanic, probably pre-Roman, origin.
Les mots à apprendre tels quels
Des mots courants pour lesquels l’espagnol a suivi son propre chemin.