L’espagnol pour qui parle portugais
Vous en savez déjà plus que vous ne le pensez. Sur les 2 264 mots courants de Cognata, 1 705 ont un équivalent apparenté en portugais : le même mot, remodelé par des siècles de parole. Partez de ceux-là, apprenez les changements réguliers qui relient les deux langues et gardez les faux amis à l’œil.
- ont une même source
- 75 %
- hérités des deux côtés
- 27 %
- à apprendre tels quels
- 25 %
2 264 mots comparés
Les mots que vous connaissez déjà
Des mots courants dont les formes en portugais et en espagnol viennent de la même source.
Les lois phonétiques entre les deux
Des changements réguliers qui transforment un mot en portugais en son équivalent en espagnol : apprenez-en un, il sert pour des centaines de mots.
- Stressed short E breaks into iee [ɛ] (no diphthong)ie (open and closed syllables)PETRAMpedrapiedra
- Stressed short O breaks into ue / uo / euo [ɔ] (no diphthong)ue (open and closed syllables)NOVUMnovonuevo
- French stressed free A becomes ea (kept)a (kept)MAREmarmar
- French fronts long U to [y]u [u] (kept)u [u] (kept)LŪNAMlualuna
- AU becomes oou (said [o] in Brazil)oAURUMourooro
- French vowel + nasal becomes a nasal vowelnasal vowel or diphthong too (pão, bom, fim)vowel + n keptPĀNEMpãopan
- Spanish initial F- becomes h- (silent)f- kepth- (silent); f- kept before ue and rFĪLIUM (fr. from nom. FĪLIUS)filhohijo
- Voiceless stops between vowels softenb (v) d gb d gVĪTAMvidavida
- C before E and Is (c, ç); z [z] between vowelsθ (c, z); s where there is seseoCAELUMcéucielo
- French CA becomes chaca keptca keptCABALLUMcavalocaballo
- Initial I- (J-) and G before E, Ij, g [ʒ]j [x] before a back vowel; y-, h- or nothing before eIOCUMjogojuego
- B and V merge in Spanishv kept; B between vowels → vone sound: b, v = [b] (soft [β] between vowels)VĪNUMvinhovino
- Germanic W- becomes gu- / g-gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)Germanic *WERRAguerraguerra
- L before a consonant becomes ual → ou, oi in some words (outro, foice); written l elsewhere, said [w] in Brazilal → o (otro); ult → uch (mucho); often keptALTERUMoutrootro
- CTit (i + t)ch [tʃ]NOCTEMnoitenoche
- L + yodlh [ʎ]j [x]FOLIAMfolhahoja
- C'L inside a wordlh [ʎ]j [x]OCULUMolhoojo
- CL-, PL-, FL- at the start of a wordch- [ʃ]ll- (often)CLĀVEMchavellave
- NN, GN and N + yodnh [ɲ]; NN → nñ [ɲ]ANNUManoaño
- S + consonant at the start of a wordes-es-STELLAMestrelaestrella
- French loses S before a consonant (^)s kepts keptFESTAMfestafiesta
- Italian assimilates clusterssimplified: pt → t, mn → n; x → ss or ix [jʃ]simplified: pt → t; mn → ñ; x → j [x] or sSEPTEMsetesiete
- Final vowels-o, -a, -e kept (said [u], [ɐ], [i]); -e dropped after a single r, l, s, z, n-o, -a, -e kept; -e dropped after a single r, l, n, s, d, zLUPUMlobolobo
- Plurals: -s or -i-s, -es (from the accusative)-s, -es (from the accusative)LUPŌS (acc.) / LUPĪ (nom.)loboslobos
- -TĀTEM: -dad, -té, -tà-dade (-tade after a consonant)-dad (-tad in some words after a consonant)CĪVITĀTEMcidadeciudad
- -TIŌNEM: learned -ción, inherited -zón-ção (learned and inherited alike: nação, razão)-ción (learned); inherited -zónRATIŌNEMrazãorazón
- -ĀRIUM: -ero, -ier, -aio-eiro, -eira-ero, -eraCABALLĀRIUMcavaleirocaballero
- Adverbs in -mente / -ment-mente-menteCLĀRĀ MENTEclaramenteclaramente
- Single L between vowels: lost in Portuguese, r in Romanianlost (céu, fio, cor)l keptFĪLUMfiohilo
- Portuguese loses single N between vowelslost, nasalizing the vowel (lã, mão); later often oral (lua, boa) or nh (vinho)n keptLĀNAMlãlana
- Romanian turns velars into labialsit, x [ʃ], nh; qu, guch, j, ñ; cu, gu (velar kept or palatalized)OCTŌoitoocho
- Romanian T, D, S before i become ț, z, șkept; t, d said [tʃ], [dʒ] before i in Brazil (dia)t, d, s keptDĪCEREdizerdecir
- Catalan drops -n at the end of a wordnasal vowel or diphthong (pão, vinho, bom)n kept (pan, vino)PĀNEMpãopan
Les faux amis à surveiller
esquisito (Portugais) signifie « strange, weird » · exquisito (Espagnol) signifie « exquisite; delicious »
Both from Latin EXQUĪSĪTUM 'sought out'. Spanish (and English exquisite) went 'carefully chosen, refined'; Portuguese went 'out of the ordinary', then 'odd'. Uma comida esquisita is not a compliment.
polvo (Portugais) signifie « octopus » · polvo (Espagnol) signifie « dust, powder »
Coincidence. Portuguese polvo is Latin POLYPUM (from Greek polýpous 'many-footed'), the source of Spanish pulpo too; Spanish polvo is spoken Latin *PULVUS (classical PULVIS 'dust').
embaraçada (Portugais) signifie « embarrassed, awkward; tangled » · embarazada (Espagnol) signifie « pregnant »
The same Ibero-Romance verb, embaraçar / embarazar 'to hinder, encumber' (further origin uncertain). Portuguese kept 'hampered, flustered', close to English embarrassed; only Spanish narrowed it to 'pregnant'.
apelido (Portugais) signifie « nickname (Brazil) » · apellido (Espagnol) signifie « surname »
Both from apelidar / apellidar, Latin APPELLITĀRE 'to call by name' (frequentative of APPELLĀRE). In Portugal apelido is still the surname; Brazil says sobrenome and keeps apelido for the nickname.
oficina (Portugais) signifie « workshop; car-repair garage » · oficina (Espagnol) signifie « office »
Both from Latin OFFICĪNA 'workshop'. Portuguese kept the original sense, as Italian officina did; Spanish moved it from the workshop to the desk.
cena (Portugais) signifie « scene » · cena (Espagnol) signifie « dinner, supper »
Coincidence of spelling. Portuguese cena is learned, from SCAENAM 'stage'; Spanish cena is inherited from CĒNAM 'dinner'. Portuguese's own CĒNAM is ceia 'supper' (a Santa Ceia, the Last Supper).
borracha (Portugais) signifie « rubber; eraser » · borracha (Espagnol) signifie « drunk (of a woman) »
Probably one word: Ibero-Romance borracha 'leather wine flask' (further origin obscure). Spanish borracho 'drunk' is usually derived from it; Portuguese gave the flask's name to the rubber later used for such bottles, and then to the eraser.
rato (Portugais) signifie « mouse; rat » · rato (Espagnol) signifie « a while, a short time »
Coincidence. Spanish rato is Latin RAPTUM 'a snatching', hence a sudden moment; Portuguese rato belongs with English rat and Italian ratto, a widespread word of uncertain origin.
tirar (Portugais) signifie « to take off, take out; to take (a photo) » · tirar (Espagnol) signifie « to throw; to pull; to throw away »
The same verb, of disputed origin, shared by Ibero-Romance. Portuguese tirar a roupa is 'take off your clothes'; Spanish tirar la ropa is 'throw the clothes (away)'. Portuguese atirar is the throwing one.
pegar (Portugais) signifie « to take, grab; to catch (a bus, a cold) » · pegar (Espagnol) signifie « to hit; to stick, glue »
Both from Latin PICĀRE 'to coat with pitch', hence 'to stick'. Spanish went on to 'strike' (a blow that lands); Portuguese to 'take hold of' — pegar o ônibus is 'catch the bus'.
propina (Portugais) signifie « bribe (Brazil) » · propina (Espagnol) signifie « tip, gratuity »
Both from Latin PROPĪNĀRE 'to drink to someone's health' (from Greek): money given 'for a drink'. Spanish kept the tip; in Brazil it slid to a bribe, and in Portugal it is a university fee. Never offer a Brazilian waiter uma propina.
brincar (Portugais) signifie « to play (of children); to joke » · brincar (Espagnol) signifie « to jump, hop »
The same Ibero-Romance verb, built on brinco 'leap; earring' (origin disputed). Spanish kept the leap; Portuguese went from skipping about to playing and kidding: estou brincando 'I'm joking'.
Les mots à apprendre tels quels
Des mots courants pour lesquels l’espagnol a suivi son propre chemin.