Le catalan pour qui parle espagnol
Vous en savez déjà plus que vous ne le pensez. Sur les 2 264 mots courants de Cognata, 1 743 ont un équivalent apparenté en espagnol : le même mot, remodelé par des siècles de parole. Partez de ceux-là, apprenez les changements réguliers qui relient les deux langues et gardez les faux amis à l’œil.
- ont une même source
- 77 %
- hérités des deux côtés
- 27 %
- à apprendre tels quels
- 23 %
2 264 mots comparés
Les mots que vous connaissez déjà
Des mots courants dont les formes en espagnol et en catalan viennent de la même source.
Les lois phonétiques entre les deux
Des changements réguliers qui transforment un mot en espagnol en son équivalent en catalan : apprenez-en un, il sert pour des centaines de mots.
- Stressed short E breaks into ieie (open and closed syllables)e [ɛ] (no diphthong); i next to a palatal (llit)PETRAMpiedrapedra
- Stressed short O breaks into ue / uo / euue (open and closed syllables)o [ɔ] (no diphthong)NOVUMnuevonou
- French stressed free A becomes ea (kept)a (kept)MAREmarmar
- French fronts long U to [y]u [u] (kept)u [u] (kept)LŪNAMlunalluna
- AU becomes oooAURUMoroor
- French vowel + nasal becomes a nasal vowelvowel + n keptoral vowel; final n after the stress lost (pa, vi)PĀNEMpanpa
- Spanish initial F- becomes h- (silent)h- (silent); f- kept before ue and rf- keptFĪLIUM (fr. from nom. FĪLIUS)hijofill
- Voiceless stops between vowels softenb d gb (v) d g; p t c again at the end of a word (amic, agut)VĪTAMvidavida
- C before E and Iθ (c, z); s where there is seseos (c, ç); between vowels lost, or u at the end (veí, deu)CAELUMcielocel
- French CA becomes chaca keptca keptCABALLUMcaballocavall
- Initial I- (J-) and G before E, Ij [x] before a back vowel; y-, h- or nothing before ej, g [ʒ]IOCUMjuegojoc
- B and V merge in Spanishone sound: b, v = [b] (soft [β] between vowels)merged as in Spanish (Central Catalan); v kept in Balearic and parts of ValenciaVĪNUMvinovi
- Germanic W- becomes gu- / g-gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)gu- ([gw] before a, o; [g] before e, i)Germanic *WERRAguerraguerra
- L before a consonant becomes ual → o (otro); ult → uch (mucho); often keptl kept (altre, falç)ALTERUMotroaltre
- CTch [tʃ]it, t (the i absorbed by the vowel: nit, fet)NOCTEMnochenit
- L + yodj [x]ll [ʎ]FOLIAMhojafulla
- C'L inside a wordj [x]ll [ʎ]OCULUMojoull
- CL-, PL-, FL- at the start of a wordll- (often)cl- pl- fl- (kept)CLĀVEMllaveclau
- NN, GN and N + yodñ [ɲ]ny [ɲ], also from NN (any)ANNUMañoany
- S + consonant at the start of a wordes-es-STELLAMestrellaestrella
- French loses S before a consonant (^)s kepts keptFESTAMfiestafesta
- Italian assimilates clusterssimplified: pt → t; mn → ñ; x → j [x] or ssimplified: pt → t, mn → n; x → ix [ʃ]SEPTEMsieteset
- Final vowels-o, -a, -e kept; -e dropped after a single r, l, n, s, d, zdropped except -a (said [ə]); -e kept after clustersLUPUMlobollop
- Plurals: -s or -i-s, -es (from the accusative)-s, -es (from the accusative)LUPŌS (acc.) / LUPĪ (nom.)lobosllops
- -TĀTEM: -dad, -té, -tà-dad (-tad in some words after a consonant)-tatCĪVITĀTEMciudadciutat
- -TIŌNEM: learned -ción, inherited -zón-ción (learned); inherited -zón-ció (learned); inherited -ó (raó, tió)RATIŌNEMrazónraó
- -ĀRIUM: -ero, -ier, -aio-ero, -era-er, -eraCABALLĀRIUMcaballerocavaller
- Adverbs in -mente / -ment-mente-mentCLĀRĀ MENTEclaramenteclarament
- Single L between vowels: lost in Portuguese, r in Romanianl keptl keptFĪLUMhilofil
- Portuguese loses single N between vowelsn keptn kept; lost where it became final (mà; see final-n)LĀNAMlanallana
- Romanian turns velars into labialsch, j, ñ; cu, gu (velar kept or palatalized)it/t, ix [ʃ], ny; qu, guOCTŌochovuit
- Romanian T, D, S before i become ț, z, șt, d, s keptt, d, s keptDĪCEREdecirdir
- Catalan drops -n at the end of a wordn kept (pan, vino)lost (pa, vi); back in the plural (pans, vins)PĀNEMpanpa
Les faux amis à surveiller
llevar (Catalan) signifie « to remove, take off; (llevar-se) to get up » · llevar (Espagnol) signifie « to carry, take; to wear »
Both from Latin LEVĀRE 'to lift'. Spanish lifts and carries; Catalan lifts away (lleva't la jaqueta 'take your jacket off') or lifts itself, like French se lever. Catalan carries with portar.
pujar (Catalan) signifie « to go up, climb; to raise » · pujar (Espagnol) signifie « to bid; to strain, push hard »
Catalan pujar is generally derived from spoken Latin *PODIĀRE 'to climb' (PODIUM). Spanish pujar is usually linked to it, perhaps through 'raising' a price, though the details are debated. In Barcelona, puja is 'come up'.
cama (Catalan) signifie « leg » · cama (Espagnol) signifie « bed »
Coincidence. Catalan cama is Late Latin CAMBA 'hock, leg' (the source of Italian gamba and French jambe); Spanish and Portuguese cama 'bed' is a Late Latin word of Hispanic, probably pre-Roman, origin.
Les mots à apprendre tels quels
Des mots courants pour lesquels le catalan a suivi son propre chemin.